CHAPTER 5
RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION: concept of research
Research derived from the French word “recherché” which means to search
So research defined as Is the act of inquiring making experiment, gathering, or investigating information aimed at discovering new theories and laws.
OR Is a systematic investigation and study of materials in order to establish fact and reach conclusion
GENELLARY: research is the systematic and scientific process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data from the field or from a certain phenomenon.
OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH
- To search for the new knowledge or to be familiar with a phenomenon.
- To gain familiarity with a certain phenomenon
-To develop theories about a social economic phenomenon
- To test hypothesis so as to find out the reliability and validity with the given cultural setting
-To make evaluation of a certain issues
- to reveal accurate features of certain aspects of social life
- test or approve hypotheses of casual relationships between phenomena
- Importance of Research
- Provides policy makers with accurate information about the subject matter
- used to provide accurate solutions to social problems, used to direct social activities,
-providing reliable information to the data bank,
- members of society become well informed about their society
- remove preconceived ideas in the researchers mind
-creates a spirit of investigation,
-finds accurate solutions to problems,
- provides sources for future
-It allows the identification of problems and finds it is solution.
- It bring awareness in the societies about the social problems
- It emphasize on the prediction of the future of the society
-Helps in solving different conflict in the societies example land conflict.
TYPES OF RESARCH
Types of research according to the aim or purpose of research:
i. Basic/pure research
ii. Applied research
iii. Evaluative research
iv. Analytical research
v. Fundamental research
i. Basic /pure research is the types of research which is conducted to correct, advance or develop a certain scientific knowledge always done through implication of theories
ii. Applied research , is the types of research used to seek specific knowledge necessary to find the solution to solve a certain problems in the society
iii. Evaluative research is the types of research which is conducted with the purpose to measure or asses the achievement of a certain scientific purpose
iv. Analytical research is the types of research uses fact already available and so analyses this fact to make critical evaluation of the materials
v. Fundamental research is types of research aim the studies of life processes that are universal in their application to scientific knowledge.
TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO DATA COLLECTED
i. Qualitative research - is the types of research concern with qualitative phenomenon, - it applicable to the phenomenon that can be expressed in term of quality , - the data gathered are purely in form of description being that why sometimes called descriptive research/- Deals with the quality of a phenomenon.
ii. Quantitative research. Is the research that applicable to phenomenon that can be expressed in term of quantity like population data/ Research which deals with the measurement of quantity or amount in numerical form.
Other types of research include:
- Empirical research Is the research based on experimentation or observation -
Conceptual research is the research based on concept or theory that describe or explain phenomenon
Ø Exploratory research is the research based on the extensive investigation or is the research conducted for the problem that is not clearly defined
Research Tools
- Methods of data collection including
· observation,
· interviews,
· questionnaires
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
STAGES IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH.
1) Problems identification or formulation of research problems
2) Literature review or statement of objective
3) Formulation of hypothesis
4) Preparation for the field work
5) Actual field research
6) Data analysis
7) Hypothesis testing
8) Presentation of data
9) Report writing
1) Problems identification is the title of the topic to be discussed or topic where the research focus example a study of land form in the areas around the schools
2) Literature review or statements of the objective. - Involves the finding of the more detail aspect of the problems to be studied. - Possible process involved in the formation of such land form. - Economic importance of that land form. - Relationship of that land form and soil from different written documents
3) Formulation of hypothesis is the tentative answer to the problems is a theories which has not yet approved there are two types of hypothesis:
NULL HYPOTHESIS
ALTERNATIVES HYPOTHESIS
Null hypothesis is the statement which started in negatives form example you formulate that there has no relationship between land form and soil;
Alternatives hypothesis is the statement which started in positively example there is a relationship between land form and soils.
4) Preparation for the field work before going up the field work the following process should be done
- Researcher should seek permission from the authority within the school and were he/ she want to visit
- Pre visits
- Cost
- Time
- School calendar
- Preparation of research equipments
IMPORTANCE OF PRE VISTS
5) Actual field research - involves data collection
-the aim of doing research is to get information to be used to explain any phenomenon this information known as research data
a) Primary data
b) Secondary data
a)primary data is the original or fresh data collected by researcher direct from the field, primary data can be collected through ;
i. Observation method is the research data which involves the researcher use his/her own eye in learning, testing and smelling during the collection of data. In this case use his/her own eye to look at the phenomenon and record what is seen.
ADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION.
DISADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION.
B) INTERVIEW
Is the verbal interaction between interviewer and interviewee. Designing a list of question and asking respondents this done in two ways
Face to face interview
Telephone interview
ADVANDAGES OF INTERVIEW METHOD
DISADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEW
· It is time consuming
· Data collected are difficult to analyze
· Bias and untruth
· It cannot provide reliable information
· It is cost fully
Interview can be analyzed in two ways
Unstructured interview and structured interview.
Unstructured interview is the interview in which there is no special set of question that the interviewer ask when interviewing
Structured interview is the types of interview in which interviewer had a set of question that asked to all respondents
C) QUESTIONNAIRE.
Is a set of question written and then submitted to respondent and respondents supposed to answer it, they consist the list of question concern the topic
ADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
· Data can be collected as the first hand
· It saves time especially when a close ended question is used
· Easily to analyze data
· Low cost
· Respondents are in great chance of expression
· It avoids bias.
DISADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
· It used only to literacy people
· The question may not being understood there for the respondent may provide wrong data
· Cheating may be involved
· Respondent may dislike in answering the questions
· It is time consuming
TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
v Close ended questionnaire
v Open ended questionnaire
Close ended questionnaire is the types of question which a compared by a list of all possible alternatives answers example yes or no question: QUESTION INCLUDE DO YOU GROW MAIZE IN FARMS.
ADVANTAGES OF CLOSE ENDED QUETIONNAIRE
v Easier to analyze since they are in immediate useable form.
v Easier to administer or to organize because each items followed by alternatives answer
v They are economically to use since they saves time and cost.
DISADVANTAGES OF CLOSE ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE.
v They are more difficult to construct because categories must be well structured
v The responses question are limited and respondent is completely for answer question without explanations
OPEN ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE
This refers to the questions which gives respondents completely freedom responses. These questions include WHAT CROPS YOU GROW.
ADVANTAGES OF OPEN ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE
v They permit a great response when respondent asked the question.
v Simple to formulate mainly because the research do not have common answer
v May gives insight and wide expression
v It stimulate personal thinking
DISADVANTAGES OF OPEN ENDED QUETIONNAIRE
v There is a tendency of providing information which does not reflect to the aim of research
v It is time consuming because it need more explanation
6. DATA ANALYSIS data collected should be analyzed in order to remove unnecessary materials.
7. HYPOTHESIS TESTING. After the data analysis collect the research needs to test the hypothesis formulated the questions here is that the data collected support hypothesis
8. PRESENTATION OF DATA. After getting correct information about the study topic the analyzed data is interpreted and presented in different statistical graphs and what it can be understood to everyone.
9. REPORT WRITING At the end of research , the researcher has to prepare report of what has been done, the research finding has to be presented to the public
Report writing should include the following;
- TITLE it deals with the topic of your research
- CONTENTS should be organized in chapters thing that you write
- Preface objective the things that you write.
- Acknowledgements other contribution from other people
- Introduction of topics
- Abbreviation and meaning of key terms
- Reference of the book bibliography
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE.
· Sample is the representative information from a given population
· Sampling is the process of obtaining sample ,
SAMPLING TECHINIQUE
Is the technique used in data collection where by a representation portion of phenomenon under research is selected and analyzed
Selection of representatives in the population is essential because the study of the total population may be expansive and time consuming.
TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
RANDOM SAMPLING.
Is the selection of an individual into interplay to a choice where every people had a chance to be selected example the researcher need the population from the people of 100 so everyone had a chance of been selected.
MERITS OF RANDOM SAMPLING
DEMERTS OF RONDAM SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Are the types of sampling techniques in which selection of individual done in regular form example after every three people you select one personal.
ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING.
DISADVANTAGES OF SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Are the types of sampling which involves the selection of sample on the bases of group or categories of similar elements of the phenomenon. This classification may base on age, education status, or tribes bases.
ADVANTAGES OF STRATIFIED SAMPLING
DISADVANTAGES OF STRATIFIED SAMPLING.
NECTA QUESTION
NECTA 2008 Qn no 5
In 2007, form four students from kibaigwa secondary schools conducted a research about road accident between Morogoro and Dodoma. Finally they submitted the report to the head of school.
a) What were the main three (3) objectives of the research?
b) Propose three (3) methods which might be used to collect.
c) Explain three (3) problems that possibly faced them when collecting the data.
Necta 2010 Qn no 5
Hypothesis formulation can be used in both qualitative and quantities research. Example the problems faced in hypothesis formulation.
NECTA 2011 Qn no 5
a) What is hypothesis formulation?
b) Explain the importance of hypothesis in research.
Research Proposal
- A systematic plan which plans what will be needed to accomplish the main objective of the research
Functions of a research proposal
· Guideline to show how to proceed with a project,
· shows where the research should end,
· shows how the research will be evaluated in the future
Components of a research proposal
· title,
· problem and setting,
· hypothesis,
· literature review
· work plan,
· budget chart,
· references
Qualities of a good research proposal
- Should be clearly written,
- precise,
- reasonable length,
- worth time/money being used
By teacher kikoti m
Hakuna maoni:
Chapisha Maoni